Molecular doping principles in organic electronics: fundamentals and recent progress

Abstract Molecular doping of organic semiconductors has been widely utilized to modulate the charge transport characteristics and carrier concentration active materials for electronics such as photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors. For application molecular electronics, fundamentals should be thoroughly understood in terms mechanism, host dopant materials, methodologies, post-doping properties doping-induced structural/energetic disorder stability. In this report, fundamental understanding doping, types dopants, methods, their practical applications transistors, thermoelectric are reviewed. Finally, key strategies efficient may exceed trade-off relation between device performance structural disorder.